日本関連:この研究は海外機関を中心とする国際共同研究で、日本の研究機関に所属する共著者が参加しています。参加国はオーストラリア、アメリカ、オランダ、スウェーデン、ノルウェー、イギリス、スペイン、日本、カナダ、シンガポール、オーストリア、イタリア、フランスです。

掲載誌:Cancers

ライセンス: CC BY 対象: 公開論文 確認元: OpenAlex

膀胱がんと肉の関係を確かめる

膀胱がんは世界で9番目に多いがんで、男性では6番目に多いとされています。喫煙、ヒ素などで汚染された飲み水、職場での特定の化学物質への曝露などが、すでに知られている危険因子です。食べ物に含まれる発がん性物質やその代謝物は尿として排出され、膀胱の内側に触れるため、食事も膀胱がんのリスクに関わる可能性が指摘されてきました。

国際がん研究機関(IARC)は、主に大腸がんの研究結果をもとに、加工肉を「ヒトに対して発がん性がある」、加工していない赤身肉を「おそらく発がん性がある」と分類しています。一方、膀胱がんについては研究によって結果がまちまちでした。これまでの追跡研究は1件あたりの患者数が少なく、喫煙などの影響の考慮の仕方も研究ごとに異なっていたため、はっきりした結論が出ていませんでした。

そこで研究チームは、多数の追跡研究の参加者一人ひとりのデータを共通のルールで整理し直し、加工肉と未加工の赤身肉の摂取量が膀胱がんのリスクとどう関連するかを調べました。

250万人以上のデータを共通の基準で分析

解析には、北米、ヨーロッパ、オーストラリア、アジアで行われた30のコホート研究のデータが使われました。コホート研究とは、健康な人々の生活習慣を最初に調べておき、その後何年にもわたって誰がどの病気になったかを追跡する研究方法です。参加者は257万5971人で、研究ごとの追跡期間の中央値は8〜29年、その間に2万780人が膀胱がんと診断されました。

食事の内容は、研究に参加した時点で、食べる頻度や量を尋ねる質問票などにより調べられました。加工肉にはソーセージ、ホットドッグ、ベーコン、ハム、ランチョンミート(鶏肉を原料とするものを含む)が、未加工の赤身肉には牛肉、豚肉、羊肉、ジビエやウサギ肉などが含まれます(内臓肉は除外)。著者らは1日あたりの摂取量をグラム単位で研究間共通の区分に分け、比べました。

膀胱がんは喫煙との関係が特に強いため、喫煙の有無だけでなく喫煙年数も考慮して分析されました。さらに、人種・民族、学歴、飲酒、運動量、果物や野菜の摂取量、総エネルギー摂取量なども調整し、肉以外の要因による見かけ上の関連をできるだけ取り除くようにしています。

摂取量が多い人で膀胱がんのリスクがわずかに高かった

加工肉を1日40グラム以上食べていた人は、5グラム未満の人に比べて、膀胱がんと診断される危険度(ハザード比)が1.08倍、つまり約8%高いと推定されました。摂取量を連続的に見た場合も、1日20グラム増えるごとに危険度は1.02倍でした。

未加工の赤身肉では、1日100グラム以上食べていた人は20グラム未満の人に比べて約6%高い危険度(ハザード比1.06)が推定されましたが、統計的な証拠は加工肉よりも弱いものでした。1日50グラム増えるごとの危険度は1.01倍で、明確な関連とはいえない範囲にとどまりました。

これらの関連は、研究間、男女間、地域間で大きな違いは見られませんでした。喫煙状況による統計的な差は確認されなかったものの、現在喫煙している人では、摂取量が最も多い群のハザード比が加工肉で1.19、未加工の赤身肉で1.14と、全体よりも高めの値が報告されています。また、喫煙などの要因を調整すると、調整しない場合に比べて推定値はかなり小さくなりました。

研究が示すこと

この研究は、これまでで非常に大規模なデータを用いて、加工肉や赤身肉を多く食べる人ほど膀胱がんのリスクがわずかに高いという関連を示しました。特に加工肉で証拠がより明確でした。ただし、これは観察研究で見いだされた関連であり、リスクの上昇幅自体も小さいものです。

著者らは、この結果が赤身肉や加工肉の摂取を控えるよう勧める既存の公衆衛生上の推奨と一致していると結論づけています。

原著論文の著者・所属:Ziyu Wang(Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia)、Nina Afshar(Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia)、Allison M. Hodge(Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia)、Harindra Jayasekara(Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia)、Stella Koutros(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Piet A. van den Brandt(Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands)、Alicja Wolk(Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden)、Molin Wang(Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Tao Hou(Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Hans-Olov Adami(Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden)、Agneta Åkesson(Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden)、Chrisa Arcan(Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA)、Kimberly A. Bertrand(Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA)、Marisa Bittoni(Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA)、David Bogumil(Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA)、Hui Cai(Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA)、Amanda J. Cross(Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Group (CSPRG), Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK)、A. Heather Eliassen(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Jo L. Freudenheim(Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA)、Gretchen L. Gierach(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Edward L. Giovannucci(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Wen-Yi Huang(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Paula Jakszyn(Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain)、Rieko Kanehara(Department of Cohort Research, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan)、Victoria A. Kirsh(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada)、Woon-Puay Koh(Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore)、Candyce H. Kroenke(Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA; Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA)、James V. Lacey(Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA)、Linda M. Liao(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Erikka Loftfield(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Chaoran Ma(Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA)、Loic Le Marchand(Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA)、Maria Elena Martinez(Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA)、Anthony B. Miller(Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada)、Steven C. Moore(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Lorelei A. Mucci(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Discovery Sciences, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA)、Heather M. Munro(International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA)、Marian L. Neuhouser(Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA)、Jessica L. Petrick(Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA)、Jenny N. Poynter(Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA)、Mark A. Preston(Department of Urology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Boston, MA 02215, USA)、Anna Prizment(Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA)、Samantha Rees(Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA)、Kim Robien(Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA)、Thomas E. Rohan(Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA)、Sven Sandin(Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden)、Norie Sawada(Department of Cohort Research, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan)、Eva S. Schernhammer(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria)、Marissa M. Shams-White(Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA)、Martha J. Shrubsole(Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA)、Xiao-Ou Shu(Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA)、Rashmi Sinha(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Sabina Sieri(Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy)、Mingyang Song(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Meir J. Stampfer(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Matthew Triplette(Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA)、Caroline Y. Um(Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA)、Kala Visvanathan(Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA)、Trang VoPham(Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA)、Fenglei Wang(Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Renwei Wang(University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA)、Sophia S. Wang(Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA)、Ying Wang(Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA)、Elisabete Weiderpass(International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), CEDEX 07 69366 Lyon, France)、Lynne Wilkens(Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA)、Walter C. Willett(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Jian-Min Yuan(University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA)、Wei Zheng(Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA)、Nathaniel Rothman(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Brigid M. Lynch(Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia)、Debra T. Silverman(Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)、Stephanie A. Smith-Warner(Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)、Roger L. Milne(Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia)

※本記事は原著論文をもとに、日本語で要約・説明を加えた研究紹介です。 出典(原著論文):Ziyu Wang, Nina Afshar, Allison M. Hodge, et al. Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies. Cancers 2026-10-03. DOI: 10.3390/cancers18193203. 原著ライセンス:CC BY.